The correct answer is based on the hierarchy of evidence in boundary retracement, particularly within the NSW context. Original monuments, if undisturbed and properly identified, hold the highest priority. This is because they represent the surveyor’s original intent and placement of the boundary. Subsequent surveys, while valuable, are secondary evidence. Adjoining title dimensions, if consistent and reliable, are important but are considered less authoritative than original monuments. Occupation, representing the physical use of the land, is the least reliable form of evidence and is only considered when other forms of evidence are absent or ambiguous. The *Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002* (NSW) and associated regulations, as well as BOSSI guidelines, emphasize the importance of the hierarchy of evidence in boundary retracement. The principle of *’following in the footsteps’* of the original surveyor is paramount. The *Real Property Act 1900* (NSW) also reinforces the security of title, but this security is predicated on accurate boundary definition based on the best available evidence, following the established hierarchy. The *Land and Property Information NSW (LPI)* maintains records that can assist in retracement, but these records are only as good as the original surveys they are based upon. The hierarchy ensures that the most reliable and direct evidence of the original survey prevails, minimizing disputes and protecting property rights. This approach aligns with common law principles related to boundary determination and is consistently applied in NSW cadastral practice. The *Evidence Act 1995* (NSW) can also be relevant when boundary disputes are litigated, influencing the admissibility of different types of evidence.

The core of cadastral surveying lies in defining and maintaining land boundaries, a function deeply intertwined with legal frameworks and property rights. In New South Wales, the Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002 and the Land Title Act 1994 are paramount. These acts, along with regulations and BOSSI guidelines, dictate the procedures for boundary definition, subdivision, and land title registration. Accurate boundary determination is crucial not only for individual property owners but also for the integrity of the entire land administration system. When a boundary dispute arises, surveyors play a critical role in interpreting historical records, conducting field surveys, and providing expert opinions. The Torrens title system, prevalent in NSW, relies on the accuracy of cadastral surveys to guarantee title. Therefore, surveyors must adhere to strict standards of accuracy and professional ethics. In a scenario involving ambiguity in historical records, a surveyor’s responsibility extends beyond simply locating existing marks. It requires a comprehensive understanding of legal precedents, surveying principles, and the potential impact on all stakeholders. The surveyor must act impartially, considering all available evidence and striving for a resolution that is both legally sound and equitable to all parties involved. Ignoring historical context or failing to thoroughly investigate all available evidence could lead to incorrect boundary determinations and potentially costly legal battles. The surveyor’s role is not merely technical; it also involves communication, negotiation, and a commitment to upholding the integrity of the cadastral system.

The problem requires calculating the adjusted bearing and distance of a boundary line after applying corrections for both linear misclosure and angular misclosure in a closed traverse. First, calculate the total linear misclosure: Total error in X (E_x) = Σ(Departure) = 0.05 m Total error in Y (E_y) = Σ(Latitude) = -0.12 m Total linear misclosure (E) = \(\sqrt{E_x^2 + E_y^2} = \sqrt{(0.05)^2 + (-0.12)^2} = \sqrt{0.0025 + 0.0144} = \sqrt{0.0169} = 0.13\) m Next, calculate the perimeter of the traverse: Perimeter (P) = 150.00 + 200.00 + 180.00 + 270.00 = 800.00 m Then, apply the Bowditch rule to correct the latitude and departure of the line AB: Correction to Departure of AB (C_Dx) = – (Length of AB / Perimeter) * E_x = – (150.00 / 800.00) * 0.05 = -0.009375 m Correction to Latitude of AB (C_Ly) = – (Length of AB / Perimeter) * E_y = – (150.00 / 800.00) * (-0.12) = 0.0225 m Apply corrections to the original departure and latitude: Corrected Departure of AB (D’_x) = Original Departure + C_Dx = 149.78 * sin(85°15’00”) – 0.009375 = 149.280 + (-0.009375) = 149.270625 m Corrected Latitude of AB (L’_y) = Original Latitude + C_Ly = 149.78 * cos(85°15’00”) + 0.0225 = 12.489 + 0.0225 = 12.5115 m Calculate the corrected bearing: Corrected Bearing = arctan(abs(Corrected Departure) / abs(Corrected Latitude)) = arctan(149.270625 / 12.5115) = arctan(11.930) = 85°15’52” Since the original bearing was in the first quadrant (NE), and the corrected departure is positive and the corrected latitude is positive, the bearing remains in the first quadrant. Now, calculate the corrected distance: Corrected Distance = \(\sqrt{(Corrected\,Departure)^2 + (Corrected\,Latitude)^2} = \sqrt{(149.270625)^2 + (12.5115)^2} = \sqrt{22281.71 + 156.5376} = \sqrt{22438.2476} = 149.794\) m The adjusted bearing of line AB is approximately 85°15’52” and the adjusted distance is approximately 149.794 m. This process ensures that the final survey data complies with the accuracy standards mandated by the NSW BOSSI for cadastral surveys, which are crucial for maintaining legal integrity and property rights. The Bowditch rule proportionally distributes the errors based on the length of each line, improving the overall accuracy of the traverse.

The correct answer hinges on understanding the hierarchy of legal precedence in boundary disputes within NSW, as governed by the Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002 and the Land Title Act 1994, and the role of surveyors in interpreting historical evidence. Original Crown surveys, when accurately retraced and demonstrably undisturbed, generally hold superior weight. However, this is contingent on several factors. Firstly, the accuracy and reliability of the original survey must be established. Secondly, any subsequent dealings (e.g., subdivisions, transfers) must be consistent with that original survey. Thirdly, evidence of long-standing occupation (adverse possession is not directly applicable here, but its principles are relevant in assessing practical boundary acceptance over time) can influence the determination, particularly if the original marks are lost or ambiguous. The surveyor’s duty is to reconcile all available evidence, including historical plans, occupation, and survey marks, and form an opinion as to the most likely location of the original boundary. Where discrepancies exist, the surveyor must consider the relative weight of each piece of evidence, documenting their reasoning and justification for their final determination. The Surveyor General’s Directions provide guidance on this process, emphasizing the importance of adhering to established legal principles and professional standards. A surveyor’s role is not to create a new boundary but to find the best evidence of the original boundary. The Surveyor is not a judge and cannot make legal determination.

The correct answer is that BOSSI’s authority stems from the Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002 (NSW) and related regulations, enabling it to set standards, register surveyors, and handle disciplinary matters, ensuring the integrity of cadastral surveying. This framework is essential for maintaining public confidence in the accuracy and reliability of land boundaries and spatial information. The Board’s powers include accreditation of surveyors, investigation of complaints, and enforcement of professional standards, all of which contribute to the proper administration of land titles and property rights. Cadastral surveying in NSW is heavily regulated to ensure that all surveys meet specific standards of accuracy and reliability. This is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the land title system. BOSSI plays a central role in this regulatory framework, setting standards, registering surveyors, and handling disciplinary matters. The Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002 (NSW) is the primary legislation that defines BOSSI’s powers and responsibilities. This Act empowers BOSSI to oversee the surveying profession, ensuring that surveyors are competent and ethical. BOSSI’s role is also critical in resolving boundary disputes and maintaining the accuracy of cadastral maps. The Board works closely with other government agencies, such as the Land and Property Information (LPI), to ensure that land information is accurate and up-to-date. The Act also provides for penalties for surveyors who fail to comply with the regulations.

The problem involves calculating the adjusted coordinates of a corner peg (Peg D) after a subdivision, given original coordinates, bearing and distances, and the area of the newly created Lot 2. This requires inverse calculations to find the coordinates of Peg B, calculating the area of Lot 1 using the coordinate method, then calculating the area of Lot 2, and finally, using the calculated bearing and distance of line BD to find the coordinates of Peg D. First, we calculate the coordinates of Peg B using the bearing and distance from Peg A. The coordinates of Peg A are (100.000, 200.000). The bearing of AB is 45°00’00” and the distance is 50.000m. \[ \Delta E = Distance \times sin(Bearing) = 50.000 \times sin(45^\circ) = 35.355 \] \[ \Delta N = Distance \times cos(Bearing) = 50.000 \times cos(45^\circ) = 35.355 \] Therefore, the coordinates of Peg B are: \[ E_B = E_A + \Delta E = 100.000 + 35.355 = 135.355 \] \[ N_B = N_A + \Delta N = 200.000 + 35.355 = 235.355 \] Next, we calculate the area of Lot 1 (Pegs A, B, C). The coordinates are A(100.000, 200.000), B(135.355, 235.355), and C(150.000, 150.000). Using the coordinate method: \[ Area = \frac{1}{2} |(E_A N_B + E_B N_C + E_C N_A) – (E_B N_A + E_C N_B + E_A N_C)| \] \[ Area = \frac{1}{2} |(100.000 \times 235.355 + 135.355 \times 150.000 + 150.000 \times 200.000) – (135.355 \times 200.000 + 150.000 \times 235.355 + 100.000 \times 150.000)| \] \[ Area = \frac{1}{2} |(23535.5 + 20303.25 + 30000) – (27071 + 35303.25 + 15000)| \] \[ Area = \frac{1}{2} |73838.75 – 77374.25| = \frac{1}{2} |-3535.5| = 1767.75 \, m^2 \] The area of Lot 2 is given as 1000 \(m^2\). Now we need to find the bearing and distance of BD to determine the coordinates of D. Since the area of triangle BCD = 1000 \(m^2\), we can use the formula: Area = 0.5 * BC * BD * sin(angle CBD). We know BC distance and bearing, we can calculate this. \[ Distance_{BC} = \sqrt{(150.000 – 135.355)^2 + (150.000 – 235.355)^2} = \sqrt{14.645^2 + (-85.355)^2} = 86.603 \] \[ Bearing_{BC} = atan2(150.000-135.355, 150.000-235.355) = atan2(14.645, -85.355) = 170.26^\circ \] Since the area is 1000 \(m^2\), we have 1000 = 0.5 * 86.603 * BD * sin(angle CBD). This means we need another parameter. Given that CD has a bearing of 225°00’00” and we know the coordinates of C, we can assume the angle BCD is close to 90 degrees. Therefore we can solve for the length of BD using: Area = 0.5 * BC * CD. 1000 = 0.5 * BC * CD CD = 2000 / 86.603 = 23.094 \[ \Delta E_{CD} = 23.094 \times sin(225^\circ) = -16.333 \] \[ \Delta N_{CD} = 23.094 \times cos(225^\circ) = -16.333 \] Coordinates of D: \[ E_D = E_C + \Delta E_{CD} = 150.000 – 16.333 = 133.667 \] \[ N_D = N_C + \Delta N_{CD} = 150.000 – 16.333 = 133.667 \]

The correct answer is that a surveyor must lodge a new plan of survey with LPI detailing the easement’s location, dimensions, and connection to existing boundaries, and obtain BOSSI’s approval for the survey accuracy and compliance with relevant legislation. Easements are property rights attached to land, granting specific rights to use another’s land for a defined purpose. In NSW, their creation and registration are governed by the Conveyancing Act 1919 and the Real Property Act 1900. When creating a new easement, especially one impacting multiple properties and potentially requiring adjustments to existing boundaries, a registered surveyor plays a crucial role. The surveyor must accurately define the easement’s location and dimensions through a survey. This survey must adhere to the stringent accuracy standards set by BOSSI. A plan of survey is then prepared, depicting the easement in relation to the existing land boundaries. This plan must be lodged with LPI for registration. BOSSI’s approval is necessary to ensure the survey complies with all relevant legislation, including the Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002 and associated regulations. This process ensures that the easement is legally defined, accurately recorded in the land title system, and enforceable against future owners. Failure to properly define and register an easement can lead to boundary disputes, legal challenges, and difficulties in enforcing the easement rights.

The correct approach involves recognizing the hierarchical structure of land administration in NSW and the specific responsibilities delegated to each entity. BOSSI’s primary role is regulatory and oversight-focused, ensuring surveyors adhere to standards and legislation. While LPI maintains cadastral records and facilitates land transactions, local councils handle planning and development approvals. The Valuer General determines land values for rating and taxing purposes. Therefore, BOSSI’s direct authority is over the conduct of surveyors, not directly over planning decisions or land valuation. The scenario presents a situation where a surveyor’s actions are questioned concerning adherence to cadastral regulations during a subdivision, thus falling under BOSSI’s purview. BOSSI’s role is to investigate the surveyor’s compliance with surveying legislation and standards, not to directly overturn planning approvals or valuations. It is crucial to understand that while BOSSI can investigate a surveyor’s actions related to a subdivision, the ultimate decision-making power regarding the subdivision’s approval rests with the local council, and land valuation falls under the Valuer General’s jurisdiction. BOSSI’s influence stems from its ability to discipline surveyors who fail to meet professional standards, which can indirectly impact future land development projects.

The problem requires calculating the adjusted coordinates of a corner point (Corner D) in a four-sided traverse, given misclosure in both latitude and departure, and applying the Bowditch rule (also known as the compass rule) for adjustment. The Bowditch rule distributes the misclosure proportionally to the length of each traverse leg. First, calculate the total traverse length: Total Length = AB + BC + CD + DA = 150.00m + 200.00m + 180.00m + 220.00m = 750.00m Next, determine the correction factors for latitude and departure for leg CD: Correction Factor (Latitude) = – (Misclosure in Latitude / Total Traverse Length) * Length of CD Correction Factor (Departure) = – (Misclosure in Departure / Total Traverse Length) * Length of CD Given Misclosure in Latitude = +0.05m and Misclosure in Departure = -0.08m: Correction Factor (Latitude) = – (0.05m / 750.00m) * 180.00m = -0.012m Correction Factor (Departure) = – (-0.08m / 750.00m) * 180.00m = +0.0192m Now, apply these corrections to the unadjusted coordinates of Corner D: Adjusted Latitude of D = Unadjusted Latitude of D + Correction Factor (Latitude) Adjusted Departure of D = Unadjusted Departure of D + Correction Factor (Departure) Given Unadjusted Latitude of D = 1000.00m and Unadjusted Departure of D = 2000.00m: Adjusted Latitude of D = 1000.00m + (-0.012m) = 999.988m Adjusted Departure of D = 2000.00m + (+0.0192m) = 2000.0192m Therefore, the adjusted coordinates of Corner D are (999.988m, 2000.0192m). This adjustment ensures that the traverse closes mathematically, distributing the errors proportionally across the traverse legs based on their lengths, a fundamental principle in cadastral surveying for maintaining accuracy and consistency in land boundary determination as per BOSSI guidelines.

The question focuses on the ethical responsibilities of a surveyor under the *Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002* (NSW) and associated regulations. A surveyor has a primary duty to the court or tribunal when acting as an expert witness. This duty overrides any obligation to their client. This means providing impartial, objective, and truthful evidence, even if it is detrimental to their client’s case. Suppressing evidence, misrepresenting facts, or providing biased opinions would be a serious breach of ethical conduct and could lead to disciplinary action by BOSSI. While surveyors have a duty to their clients, this duty is always subordinate to their duty to the court and the integrity of the legal process.

The core of cadastral surveying in NSW revolves around accurately defining and maintaining land boundaries. This responsibility is directly linked to upholding property rights and ensuring the integrity of the land title system. The Surveyor General’s Directions, issued under the Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002, provide detailed guidelines for how cadastral surveys must be conducted. These directions aren’t merely suggestions; they carry legal weight and define the standards that surveyors must adhere to. The Land Title Act 1994, while Queensland legislation, provides an example of the broader context of land title acts that are essential for understanding the legal framework within which NSW cadastral surveying operates, especially when considering inter-jurisdictional issues or comparing best practices. The accuracy of boundary definition impacts not only individual property owners but also broader issues such as infrastructure development, environmental management, and land use planning. Disputes arising from inaccurate or ambiguous boundaries can lead to costly litigation and undermine public confidence in the land administration system. Therefore, adherence to surveying legislation and ethical standards is paramount. Surveyors must possess a thorough understanding of boundary law principles, including the rules of evidence, the interpretation of historical survey plans, and the application of relevant case law. They must also be skilled in negotiation and conflict resolution to effectively address boundary disputes and protect the interests of their clients while upholding their professional obligations.

The problem involves calculating the final coordinates of a boundary corner after a series of offsets from an established control point. We need to apply trigonometric principles and coordinate geometry. The initial bearing is converted to radians for calculation purposes. The offsets are resolved into their northings and eastings components using sine and cosine functions respectively. These components are then added to the initial coordinates to obtain the final coordinates. First, convert the bearing to radians: \[ \text{Bearing in radians} = (35^\circ + \frac{15′}{60} + \frac{30”}{3600}) \times \frac{\pi}{180} \] \[ \text{Bearing in radians} = (35 + 0.25 + 0.00833) \times \frac{\pi}{180} \] \[ \text{Bearing in radians} = 35.25833 \times \frac{\pi}{180} \approx 0.6154 \text{ radians} \] Now, calculate the northing and easting components of the first offset (5.00m at 90°00’00”): \[ \Delta N_1 = 5.00 \times \cos(90 \times \frac{\pi}{180}) = 5.00 \times \cos(\frac{\pi}{2}) = 5.00 \times 0 = 0.00 \text{ m} \] \[ \Delta E_1 = 5.00 \times \sin(90 \times \frac{\pi}{180}) = 5.00 \times \sin(\frac{\pi}{2}) = 5.00 \times 1 = 5.00 \text{ m} \] Next, calculate the northing and easting components of the second offset (7.00m at 180°00’00”): \[ \Delta N_2 = 7.00 \times \cos(180 \times \frac{\pi}{180}) = 7.00 \times \cos(\pi) = 7.00 \times -1 = -7.00 \text{ m} \] \[ \Delta E_2 = 7.00 \times \sin(180 \times \frac{\pi}{180}) = 7.00 \times \sin(\pi) = 7.00 \times 0 = 0.00 \text{ m} \] Finally, calculate the northing and easting components of the third offset (3.00m at the initial bearing): \[ \Delta N_3 = 3.00 \times \cos(0.6154) = 3.00 \times 0.8169 \approx 2.45 \text{ m} \] \[ \Delta E_3 = 3.00 \times \sin(0.6154) = 3.00 \times 0.5774 \approx 1.73 \text{ m} \] Add the offsets to the initial coordinates: \[ N_{\text{final}} = 1000.00 + 0.00 – 7.00 + 2.45 = 995.45 \text{ m} \] \[ E_{\text{final}} = 2000.00 + 5.00 + 0.00 + 1.73 = 2006.73 \text{ m} \] Therefore, the final coordinates are approximately (995.45, 2006.73). This calculation demonstrates the application of trigonometric principles and coordinate geometry in cadastral surveying to determine boundary locations based on sequential offsets. Understanding these calculations is crucial for accurate boundary determination and compliance with surveying regulations in NSW.

The correct response involves understanding the hierarchy of legal precedence in boundary disputes within NSW. The hierarchy, from highest to lowest authority, typically follows this order: (1) Natural boundaries (e.g., a river) if clearly defined and intended as the boundary in the original grant, but subject to the doctrine of accretion and erosion and the riparian rights of the adjacent land owners. (2) Original survey marks and monuments. These are the most reliable evidence of the surveyor’s original intent and placement of the boundary. (3) Abuttals described in the deed or plan. The written description of adjoining properties can provide strong evidence, particularly if the original survey marks are missing. (4) Occupation, as evidenced by fences or other structures, is the least reliable and is only considered when other evidence is lacking and there is a long-standing, undisturbed history of occupation. Occupation may establish title by adverse possession, but only after a statutorily defined period and subject to certain conditions. The Land and Environment Court would consider all the evidence but would give the greatest weight to the original survey marks, unless there is compelling evidence that they are disturbed or not related to the original survey. Understanding this hierarchy is crucial for resolving boundary disputes.

The correct answer focuses on the legal and ethical obligations of a surveyor when encountering a discrepancy between a historical survey mark and current occupation. Surveyors in NSW have a duty to meticulously investigate such discrepancies, considering historical records, relevant legislation (such as the Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002 and the Land Title Act 1994), and principles of land law. The surveyor must not unilaterally decide the boundary based solely on the occupation but must also consider the original survey intent and any subsequent dealings. Reporting the discrepancy to BOSSI is crucial for transparency and to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. The surveyor must advise the client about the implications of the discrepancy and the potential need for legal advice or boundary resolution mechanisms. Ignoring the historical mark or solely relying on occupation could lead to legal challenges and professional misconduct. The surveyor’s actions must be guided by ethical principles, including honesty, integrity, and a commitment to upholding the integrity of the cadastral system. Failing to address the discrepancy adequately could compromise the security of land titles and undermine public confidence in the surveying profession.

The problem requires us to calculate the permissible positional closure for a cadastral survey traverse in NSW, adhering to BOSSI guidelines. The formula for positional closure is \(C = k\sqrt{n}\), where \(C\) is the positional tolerance in meters, \(k\) is a constant based on the survey’s class, and \(n\) is the number of survey marks. In this case, we have a Class A survey, so \(k = 0.025\) m. We also know that the total number of survey marks \(n\) is 12. Substituting these values into the formula, we get: \[C = 0.025\sqrt{12}\] \[C = 0.025 \times 3.464\] \[C = 0.0866 \text{ m}\] Therefore, the permissible positional closure for this Class A survey with 12 marks is 0.0866 meters, or 86.6 mm. Now, let’s calculate the angular misclosure. The formula for angular misclosure is \(M = 15”\sqrt{n}\), where \(M\) is the angular misclosure in seconds and \(n\) is the number of survey marks. Substituting \(n = 12\), we get: \[M = 15”\sqrt{12}\] \[M = 15” \times 3.464\] \[M = 51.96”\] Therefore, the permissible angular misclosure is approximately 52 seconds. The question requires selecting the option with both the correct positional and angular misclosure values.

The correct answer is that the surveyor’s actions are likely a breach of professional conduct, specifically regarding the duty to act impartially and avoid conflicts of interest, and may violate the Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002 (NSW) and associated regulations concerning surveyor independence. A cadastral surveyor in NSW has a fundamental duty to act impartially and independently. This means that their professional judgment should not be influenced by personal relationships, financial incentives, or other external pressures. The Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002 (NSW) and the BOSSI’s guidelines emphasize the importance of maintaining public trust in the integrity of the cadastral system. The scenario presented involves a surveyor, Omar, undertaking a boundary survey for his sister’s property. While familial relationships are not explicitly prohibited, they create an inherent conflict of interest. Even if Omar believes he can be objective, the perception of bias is significant. The public, and particularly neighboring landowners, might reasonably question whether Omar’s decisions were influenced by his relationship with his sister. Furthermore, the ethical guidelines for surveyors in NSW require transparency and disclosure of any potential conflicts of interest. Omar should have disclosed his relationship to all parties involved (his sister and the neighboring property owners) and considered whether it would be more appropriate for another surveyor to handle the matter. Failure to do so can be seen as a breach of professional conduct. The Land and Property Information (LPI) also plays a role in maintaining the integrity of cadastral information. If a survey is perceived to be biased or inaccurate due to a conflict of interest, it could potentially lead to disputes and legal challenges, undermining the LPI’s role in ensuring accurate land records. Therefore, while Omar may not have intentionally acted unethically, the circumstances suggest a potential breach of professional conduct due to the inherent conflict of interest and the failure to disclose this conflict. He may have also violated the Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002 (NSW) and associated regulations.

The correct approach involves understanding the hierarchy of legal precedence in boundary disputes in NSW, particularly as it relates to conflicting information. While all sources of evidence are considered, original survey marks hold significant weight due to their direct connection to the initial land division. However, their reliability is contingent upon their undisturbed nature and proper identification. The hierarchy generally follows: (1) Natural boundaries, (2) Original survey marks, (3) Monuments mentioned in the grant, (4) Adjoining title boundaries, (5) Occupation. In this scenario, the disturbed survey mark introduces uncertainty, making the original survey plan the next most reliable evidence, provided it can be accurately related to other reliable evidence. Occupation, while relevant, becomes less definitive when there’s evidence suggesting it deviates from the originally intended boundary. Expert testimony from a surveyor experienced in boundary re-establishment is crucial to interpret the available evidence, consider the principles of *ad medium filum aquae* (if applicable to the creek), and provide an opinion based on the best available evidence. The surveyor’s expert opinion, taking into account all available evidence and relevant legislation (such as the Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002 and the Land and Property Information NSW practice guidelines), is paramount in resolving the uncertainty. Therefore, the surveyor’s expert opinion, grounded in a thorough analysis of the original survey plan, the disturbed survey mark, and occupation evidence, will be the most important factor in resolving the boundary dispute.

The problem requires calculating the adjusted bearing and distance of a boundary line after applying a scale factor and rotation to fit a new survey into the existing cadastral framework. The initial bearing is 135°15’30”, the initial distance is 150.00m, the scale factor is 1.00025, and the rotation is +0°02’00”. First, calculate the adjusted distance: \[ Adjusted \ Distance = Initial \ Distance \times Scale \ Factor \] \[ Adjusted \ Distance = 150.00m \times 1.00025 = 150.0375m \] Next, adjust the bearing by adding the rotation: \[ Adjusted \ Bearing = Initial \ Bearing + Rotation \] Convert the bearing and rotation to decimal degrees for easier calculation: \[ Initial \ Bearing = 135 + \frac{15}{60} + \frac{30}{3600} = 135.258333° \] \[ Rotation = \frac{2}{60} = 0.033333° \] \[ Adjusted \ Bearing = 135.258333° + 0.033333° = 135.291666° \] Convert the adjusted bearing back to degrees, minutes, and seconds: The degrees part is 135°. The minutes part is \( 0.291666 \times 60 = 17.5 \) minutes. The seconds part is \( 0.5 \times 60 = 30 \) seconds. Therefore, the adjusted bearing is 135°17’30”. Finally, round the adjusted distance to two decimal places as is standard practice in cadastral surveying: 150.04m. Therefore, the adjusted bearing and distance are 135°17’30” and 150.04m. This process ensures that the new survey integrates seamlessly with existing cadastral data, maintaining accuracy and legal validity within the NSW land administration system. The rotation corrects for systematic errors or differences in orientation between the new and old surveys, while the scale factor accounts for any discrepancies in measurement scales. This adjustment is crucial for upholding the integrity of land boundaries and property rights as governed by the Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002 and related regulations in New South Wales.

The correct answer lies in understanding the core responsibilities of a Registered Surveyor under the Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002 (NSW) and associated regulations. A Registered Surveyor’s primary duty is to ensure the accuracy and integrity of cadastral surveys, safeguarding property rights and adhering to legal requirements. While a surveyor may provide advice on development potential, negotiate with neighbors, or prepare preliminary sketches, these activities are secondary to their fundamental obligation to conduct surveys that meet the stringent accuracy standards mandated by legislation and BOSSI guidelines. The Act emphasizes the surveyor’s responsibility for the correct placement of boundaries and the accurate representation of survey data in deposited plans. Furthermore, the surveyor must act impartially and professionally, resolving boundary issues according to legal principles and established surveying practices. The Surveyor needs to adhere to the principles of evidence, including original marks and historical records, and apply their expert judgment to determine the most probable location of boundaries in accordance with the law. The role of the Surveyor in cadastral matters is a quasi-judicial role, and must act without bias. Therefore, the paramount responsibility is the accurate and legally defensible determination of land boundaries.

The correct answer involves understanding the hierarchy of legal precedence in boundary determination in NSW, particularly when dealing with conflicting evidence. Original monuments, when undisturbed and properly identified, hold the highest weight. However, situations arise where these monuments are lost or their positions are inconsistent with other evidence. In such cases, the hierarchy shifts. Occupation, if long-standing and unchallenged, gains significance, reflecting the principle of *adverse possession* and the practical reality of land use. However, this is trumped by evidence derived from official survey records (plans, field notes), which represent the surveyor’s original intent and measurements. While abutting boundaries are considered, they are less persuasive than original survey data. The key principle is to reconstruct the *best evidence* of the original survey, considering all available information and applying legal principles. The *Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002* and the *Land and Property Information NSW (LPI)* guidelines provide the legal framework for this process. The *Real Property Act 1900* also impacts boundary determination, particularly concerning indefeasibility of title, but this doesn’t override the hierarchy when re-establishing lost corners. Surveyors must meticulously document their reasoning and the evidence considered, as their decisions can have significant legal and financial consequences for landowners. Therefore, official survey records take precedence over long-standing occupation when original monuments are missing and conflicting evidence exists.

The area of a triangle formed by three points \( (x_1, y_1) \), \( (x_2, y_2) \), and \( (x_3, y_3) \) can be calculated using the determinant formula: \[ Area = \frac{1}{2} |x_1(y_2 – y_3) + x_2(y_3 – y_1) + x_3(y_1 – y_2)| \] Given the coordinates: A(100.00, 200.00), B(150.00, 250.00), and C(120.00, 300.00), we can plug these values into the formula: \[ Area = \frac{1}{2} |100(250 – 300) + 150(300 – 200) + 120(200 – 250)| \] \[ Area = \frac{1}{2} |100(-50) + 150(100) + 120(-50)| \] \[ Area = \frac{1}{2} |-5000 + 15000 – 6000| \] \[ Area = \frac{1}{2} |4000| \] \[ Area = \frac{1}{2} \times 4000 \] \[ Area = 2000 \, m^2 \] Now, let’s consider the error propagation. We are given an uncertainty of \(\pm 0.05\) meters in each coordinate. To estimate the uncertainty in the area, we need to consider how these errors propagate through the area calculation. A simplified approach is to consider the maximum possible error in the differences of the coordinates. The maximum error in \( (y_2 – y_3) \), \( (y_3 – y_1) \), and \( (y_1 – y_2) \) is \( 0.05 + 0.05 = 0.1 \) meters. To estimate the error in the area, we can calculate the area using slightly perturbed coordinates and observe the change. However, a more practical approach for this exam is to consider a reasonable percentage error. Since the coordinates are in the range of 100-300, an error of 0.05 represents a small percentage. We can assume that the percentage error in the area will be related to the percentage error in the coordinates. A rough estimate would be around 5-10% of the calculated area due to error in coordinates. Therefore, a reasonable estimate for the uncertainty would be \( \pm 100 \, m^2 \) to \( \pm 200 \, m^2 \). Based on this estimation, the best answer is \( 2000 \pm 100 \, m^2 \). This approach emphasizes understanding error propagation principles without requiring complex error analysis calculations which are unlikely to be performed manually in an exam setting.

The correct answer relates to the hierarchy of evidence in boundary retracement, as recognized and applied within the NSW legal framework. The hierarchy prioritizes original monumentation and occupation lines over calculated dimensions or bearings. This principle is enshrined in common law and reflected in surveying practice guidelines. The Surveyor must prioritize the original marks and occupation evidence in determining the position of the original corner. The surveyor is to consider the intent of the original surveyor and the evidence that best reflects that intent. This involves an in-depth investigation of historical records, adjoining plans, and physical evidence on the ground. The Surveyor is required to determine the best evidence that represents the original position of the boundary. The surveyor must consider the reliability and consistency of the available evidence and make a professional judgment based on their expertise and experience. This process requires a thorough understanding of surveying principles, legal precedents, and local knowledge. The Surveyor’s decision must be defensible and supported by documented evidence.

The correct approach involves understanding the interplay between the *Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002* (NSW), the *Real Property Act 1900* (NSW), and BOSSI’s role in regulating cadastral surveying. Specifically, the *Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002* establishes the legal framework for surveying practice, including the definition of cadastral surveys and the requirements for registered surveyors. The *Real Property Act 1900* governs land title registration and the creation of Torrens title, which relies heavily on accurate cadastral surveys. BOSSI’s function is to ensure compliance with these acts and to maintain professional standards within the surveying industry. Therefore, a surveyor’s actions must align with both the legal requirements for land title registration and the ethical and professional standards set by BOSSI. Failing to adhere to both the *Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002* and the *Real Property Act 1900* would constitute a breach of professional conduct. A surveyor must ensure the accuracy and integrity of their work to protect property rights and maintain public trust in the cadastral system. The surveyor’s responsibility extends beyond simply meeting the minimum requirements for lodgement; it includes a duty to act ethically and professionally, upholding the integrity of the cadastral system.

The problem involves calculating the adjusted coordinates of a corner point after a subdivision, considering the original coordinates, the subdivision plan dimensions, and an angular misclosure. We need to distribute the angular misclosure proportionally to the angles of the traverse. 1. **Calculate the bearing of line AB:** Given coordinates of A (1000.00, 2000.00) and B (1500.00, 2000.00), the bearing is simply East or 90°00’00”. 2. **Calculate the interior angles of the subdivision:** – Angle at B = 180° – 90° = 90° – Angle at C = 90° – Angle at D = 90° – Angle at A = 90° 3. **Calculate the adjusted bearing of BC:** Bearing BC = Bearing AB + Angle at B = 90° + 90° = 180°. 4. **Calculate the change in coordinates (ΔE, ΔN) for line BC:** – ΔE = Distance * sin(Bearing) = 100.00 * sin(180°) = 0.00 – ΔN = Distance * cos(Bearing) = 100.00 * cos(180°) = -100.00 5. **Calculate the coordinates of point C:** – Easting of C = Easting of B + ΔE = 1500.00 + 0.00 = 1500.00 – Northing of C = Northing of B + ΔN = 2000.00 – 100.00 = 1900.00 6. **Calculate the bearing of CD:** Bearing CD = Bearing BC + Angle at C = 180° + 90° = 270°. 7. **Calculate the change in coordinates (ΔE, ΔN) for line CD:** – ΔE = Distance * sin(Bearing) = 50.00 * sin(270°) = -50.00 – ΔN = Distance * cos(Bearing) = 50.00 * cos(270°) = 0.00 8. **Calculate the coordinates of point D:** – Easting of D = Easting of C + ΔE = 1500.00 – 50.00 = 1450.00 – Northing of D = Northing of C + ΔN = 1900.00 + 0.00 = 1900.00 9. **Calculate the bearing of DA:** Bearing DA = Bearing CD + Angle at D = 270° + 90° = 360° or 0°. 10. **Calculate the change in coordinates (ΔE, ΔN) for line DA:** – ΔE = Distance * sin(Bearing) = 50.00 * sin(0°) = 0.00 – ΔN = Distance * cos(Bearing) = 50.00 * cos(0°) = 50.00 11. **Calculate the coordinates of point A (Closure Check):** – Easting of A = Easting of D + ΔE = 1450.00 + 0.00 = 1450.00 – Northing of A = Northing of D + ΔN = 1900.00 + 50.00 = 1950.00 12. **Calculate the misclosure:** The original coordinates of A are (1000.00, 2000.00), and the calculated coordinates are (1450.00, 1950.00). This indicates a misclosure. 13. **The adjusted coordinates of point D will depend on how the misclosure is distributed. Without specific information on the adjustment method (e.g., Bowditch rule), we can assume the question requires us to calculate the unadjusted coordinates of D based on the given bearings and distances from A and B.** 14. **Unadjusted Coordinates of D:** Based on steps 1-8, the unadjusted coordinates of D are (1450.00, 1900.00). Therefore, based on the provided information and standard surveying calculations, the coordinates of point D are (1450.00, 1900.00).

The correct approach involves understanding the hierarchy of legislation and the specific responsibilities outlined in the Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002 (NSW) and the Land Title Act 1994 (NSW). While BOSSI plays a crucial role in regulating surveying practices and maintaining standards, the ultimate authority on land title registration and the acceptance of deposited plans rests with the Registrar-General, operating under the Land Title Act. The Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002 primarily deals with the regulation of surveyors and surveying practices, not the acceptance or rejection of deposited plans. The Local Government Act 1993 (NSW) governs planning and development approvals, but it does not directly dictate the acceptance of deposited plans for registration. While BOSSI provides guidelines and standards, the Registrar-General has the final say on whether a plan meets the legal requirements for registration, ensuring compliance with the Land Title Act. The Registrar-General’s decisions are based on legal interpretations and compliance with the Land Title Act, which takes precedence over BOSSI’s guidelines in the final determination of registrability. The Surveyor General is an important role, however it is the Registrar General who has the final say.

The correct answer hinges on understanding the legal hierarchy and precedence within the NSW cadastral system. The *Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002* provides the overarching legislative framework, outlining the powers and responsibilities of BOSSI and registered surveyors. However, the *Real Property Act 1900* governs land title registration and dealings, including subdivisions. Case law, particularly decisions from the Land and Environment Court and the Supreme Court, establishes precedents that interpret and apply these Acts in specific situations. BOSSI guidelines and regulations, while important for professional practice, cannot override primary legislation or judicial precedent. In a dispute involving interpretation of the *Real Property Act*, a court decision would take precedence over a BOSSI guideline. The surveyor’s primary duty is to adhere to the law and established legal precedent, ensuring accurate and legally defensible cadastral surveys. A prudent surveyor would always prioritize a court ruling over BOSSI guidelines in case of conflict. The *Conveyancing Act 1919* also plays a role in land transactions and property law, but in this specific scenario regarding subdivision interpretation under the *Real Property Act*, the court’s interpretation is paramount.

The problem involves calculating the final coordinates of a corner peg after a series of adjustments based on survey measurements and legal requirements in NSW. The initial coordinates are given, and we have angular misclosure that needs to be distributed according to NSW surveying guidelines. We need to calculate the corrections to the bearings and subsequently the coordinates. 1. **Calculate the total angular misclosure:** The sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral should be 360 degrees. The sum of the measured angles is 359°59’48”. Therefore, the angular misclosure is 360° – 359°59’48” = 12″. 2. **Distribute the misclosure:** According to NSW surveying practice, the angular misclosure is distributed equally among the angles. In this case, there are four angles, so each angle receives a correction of 12″/4 = 3″. The corrections are applied to each angle to make the sum equal to 360 degrees. 3. **Calculate the adjusted bearings:** The original bearings are given. We need to calculate the adjusted bearings based on the angle corrections. 4. **Calculate the lengths and adjusted bearings:** The lengths of the lines are given. We calculate the adjusted bearings as follows: – Line AB: 125° 15′ 20″ – Line BC: 215° 45′ 30″ – Line CD: 305° 15′ 20″ – Line DA: 35° 45′ 30″ 5. **Calculate the departures (ΔE) and latitudes (ΔN):** The departure (ΔE) is calculated as length * sin(bearing), and the latitude (ΔN) is calculated as length * cos(bearing). 6. **Calculate the total misclosure in departure and latitude:** Sum the departures and latitudes to find the total misclosure in each coordinate. – Total ΔE = 0.045 m – Total ΔN = -0.038 m 7. **Apply Bowditch’s Rule to correct the coordinates:** Bowditch’s Rule distributes the misclosure proportionally to the length of each line. – Correction to ΔE for line AB = -(Line Length / Total Perimeter) * Total ΔE – Correction to ΔN for line AB = -(Line Length / Total Perimeter) * Total ΔN 8. **Calculate the corrected ΔE and ΔN for each line.** 9. **Calculate the final coordinates of point D:** Starting from the known coordinates of point A (1000.000 E, 5000.000 N), add the corrected ΔE and ΔN values for each line sequentially to determine the coordinates of point D. The final calculated coordinates for point D are (1082.545 E, 4930.152 N).

The correct answer lies in understanding the hierarchical nature of surveying legislation and the specific responsibilities delegated to BOSSI. While the Surveying and Spatial Information Act 2002 establishes the overarching legal framework for surveying in NSW, BOSSI is empowered to create and enforce specific regulations and guidelines that operationalize the Act. These regulations detail the practical application of the law, setting standards for surveying practices, professional conduct, and the management of cadastral information. Furthermore, the Land Title Act 1994 deals primarily with land ownership and registration, while the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 focuses on development and environmental considerations; though relevant to surveying projects, they do not directly define the core operational standards for cadastral surveying practices. BOSSI’s role is pivotal in translating legislative intent into actionable rules that surveyors must adhere to in their daily practice, ensuring accuracy, consistency, and ethical conduct within the profession. The Board also handles accreditation, disciplinary actions, and continuous professional development, reinforcing its authority in shaping the operational landscape of cadastral surveying in NSW. Understanding this delegation of power is key to navigating the complexities of surveying law in the state.

This question delves into the crucial aspect of dispute resolution in cadastral matters, specifically focusing on the role of surveyors as expert witnesses. When land disputes escalate to legal proceedings, surveyors are often called upon to provide expert testimony based on their survey findings, historical research, and professional opinion. The surveyor’s role is to present objective and unbiased evidence to assist the court in understanding the technical aspects of the boundary dispute. The surveyor must be able to clearly explain complex surveying concepts and principles in a way that is understandable to non-experts. The surveyor’s credibility and impartiality are essential to their effectiveness as an expert witness. The surveyor must be prepared to be cross-examined by opposing counsel and to defend their opinions and conclusions. The surveyor’s testimony should be based on sound surveying principles, accurate data, and thorough analysis.

To determine the permissible error in the area of the consolidated parcel, we first need to understand the relevant regulations outlined in the Surveying and Spatial Information Regulation 2017 (NSW). Clause 29 specifies permissible errors for surveys. For area calculations, the permissible error is related to the total area and the precision required. Given the dimensions of the original parcels and the consolidation, we calculate the area of the consolidated parcel. The consolidated parcel consists of four parcels: Parcel A (150m x 200m), Parcel B (100m x 150m), Parcel C (80m x 120m), and Parcel D (60m x 80m). Area of Parcel A = \(150 \times 200 = 30000\) m\(^2\) Area of Parcel B = \(100 \times 150 = 15000\) m\(^2\) Area of Parcel C = \(80 \times 120 = 9600\) m\(^2\) Area of Parcel D = \(60 \times 80 = 4800\) m\(^2\) Total Area = \(30000 + 15000 + 9600 + 4800 = 59400\) m\(^2\) According to the NSW Surveying and Spatial Information Regulation 2017, the permissible error in area is calculated based on the formula: Permissible Error = \(k \sqrt{A}\), where \(A\) is the area in hectares and \(k\) is a constant. For urban areas, \(k\) is typically 0.02 (this value can vary depending on specific circumstances and should be confirmed with the latest regulations). Convert the area to hectares: \(59400\) m\(^2\) = \(5.94\) hectares. Permissible Error = \(0.02 \sqrt{5.94}\) Permissible Error = \(0.02 \times 2.437\) Permissible Error = \(0.04874\) hectares Convert back to square meters: \(0.04874 \times 10000 = 487.4\) m\(^2\) Therefore, the permissible error in the area of the consolidated parcel is approximately \(487.4\) m\(^2\). This calculation and understanding of the regulations are crucial for cadastral surveyors to ensure compliance and maintain the integrity of land boundaries and property rights in New South Wales. The surveyor must adhere to these standards to avoid legal and ethical issues, ensuring accurate land administration and reliable cadastral data management.